Evaluation of the Missouri River shallow water habitat using a 2D‐hydrodynamic model

Many of the Upper Missouri River dikes have been notched to create additional shallow water habitat (SWH, operationally defined as areas in the stream with depth < 1.5 m, and velocity < 0.75 m s^?1) for fish populations. The goal of this study was to quantify the additional SWH gained from notching these dikes and to evaluate their performance under different flow conditions. A coupled field and numerical study was performed on a reach of the Missouri River, near Nebraska City, NE, which contains a number of dikes notched in 2004. The numerical simulations showed that the SWH criterion for depth was more difficult to satisfy in the study reach than the SWH criterion for velocity. Notching the dikes resulted in a slight shift of the bankline due to local erosion in the vicinity of the dikes and the formation of scour holes downstream of the notches. Results from the study suggested that notching the dikes had limited impact on the SWH because the area gained from the bankline shift was offset by the area lost from the scour holes formation. The performance of the notched dikes in sustaining the minimum habitat suitability conditions for the Missouri River ecosystem was also investigated. These conditions corresponded to discharges < 709 m³ s^?1 for the period from mid‐July to mid‐August, or equivalently SWH areas > 5225 m² dike^?1 during the same period. Analysis of the Missouri River annual discharge records at the study site showed that the dikes can provide the minimum required SWH for mean annual discharges < 667 m³ s^?1. For mean annual discharges > 667 m³ s^?1, new alternative structures or restoration facilities were needed, in addition to the existing dikes, to sustain the minimum required SWH. The dikes were not effective in providing any SWH for mean annual discharges > 2000 m³ s^?1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification of potential areas for biomass production in China: Discussion of a recent approach and future challenges

A standard methodology is needed to recognize potentially suitable areas for sustainable bioenergy crop production. This facilitates better identification of promising crops and cropping systems, logistical and economic studies, and work needed to meet regulatory criteria. A possible approach is built upon three layers of internationally available spatial data: (1) degrading and abandoned areas, (2) potentially suitable land cover classes, (3) exclusion zones such as nature reserves and areas of high biodiversity. For China, areas identified as potentially suitable range from 1.2 to 6.0% of the national territory, depending on different levels of statistical confidence in degrading area status and allowable limits of terrestrial carbon. Verification on the ground showed that about 60% of points tested conformed to the remote suitability assessment in the scenario, which represents the results for the combination of all degrading areas and a terrestrial carbon stock limit of 200 t ha⁻¹. A top-down approach is useful in framing potentially suitable locations, but a complementary bottom-up analysis is still required to ultimately identify areas for sustainable bio-fuel production.     

中华鲟自然繁殖的水文状况适合度研究

对三峡水库运行前（1983-2002年）后（2003-2005年）中华鲟产卵场产卵季节（10-11月）的水文状况进行了比较分析,并根据所建立的水文要素适合度模型,对三峡水库运行前（1983-1986,2002年）后（2003-2005年）8个年份产卵季节水文状况对于中华鲟产卵的适合度进行了分析。结果表明：2003年三峡水库蓄水以来中华鲟产卵场产卵季节的水文状况发生了显著变化,产卵季节平均水温上升了 1.48 ℃ （ 8.2% ）,含沙量降低了 0.36 kg/m3（ 91.8% ）。平均适合度模型的分析结果表明,虽然整个产卵季节水文状况对于产卵的综合适合度呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,但整个产卵季节水文状况的适合度都比较高,并且中华鲟的产卵活动并不总是发生在水文状况适合度最佳（即综合适合度波峰值）的时候,说明水文状况并不是决定自然繁殖发生时间的唯一因素。产卵前含沙量的变动趋势由水库运行前的稳中下降转变为运行后的稳中上升,说明含沙量的剧烈下降可能对中华鲟的自然繁殖活动不利。中华鲟自然繁殖发生时间应是多种因素综合作用的结果,除水文状况外,科研捕捞活动、年度之间自然繁殖群体的生物学差异等都可能对自然繁殖活动发生的具体时间产生影响。     

浅析新建矿山土地复垦适宜性评价

土地复垦规划中的土地适宜性评价是对未来土地利用方向的决策过程,其前提是损毁土地的综合分析。由于土地作为自然、社会经济综合体的特殊属性,决定了其在不同投入以及治理方式下功能的差异性。所以,从时间角度考虑,评价时间基点不同,评价结果将大相径庭,评价过程须综合考虑损毁前、损毁后拟复垦土地自然属性以及社会经济条件。1）井工开采沉陷土地适宜性评价的重点为农用地以及未利用地,其中,农用地适宜性评价重点考虑其原土地利用状态;2)排矸场、弃渣场土地适宜性评价在考虑其稳定性的前提下,多以经验以及类比法确定其适宜性方向;3)露天矿排土场适宜性评价的前提为确定其拟复垦土地的生态功能,在此基础上进行适宜性等级评价。     

宁波市地下空间开发地质环境适宜性评价

地下空间开发地质环境适宜性评价对于科学合理地开发利用城市地下空间资源具有重要作用。通过研究宁波市地质环境条件,从水文地质条件、工程地质条件和环境地质问题等3个方面选取了9个评价指标。运用层次分析法(AHP)构建地质环境适宜性评价指标体系,通过GIS软件空间叠加分析功能自动划分评价单元,采用模糊综合评判法进行地下空间开发地质环境适宜性评价。评价结果表明,宁波市地下空间开发的地质环境适宜性划分为4个等级:适宜(Ⅰ级)、适宜性较好(Ⅱ级)、适宜性较差(Ⅲ级)和适宜性差(Ⅳ级),其中浅层地下空间开发地质环境适宜性以Ⅰ~Ⅱ级为主(占比57%),中层地下空间开发地质环境适宜性以Ⅲ~Ⅳ级为主(占比58%)。     

基于层次分析法的养老社区适老环境评价

通过对养老社区、老年住区的问卷调研和实地调研分析,表明舒适性、便利性、经济性和交通性是影响老年人居住环境的重要因素。结合调研数据和专家咨询意见,运用层次分析法(AHP)建立了层级递进的养老社区适老环境适宜性评价指标体系,并构建了比较矩阵,计算出各层级指标的权重。根据层次分析法得出养老社区适老环境影响因素相对重要性,从养老服务设施集约化布局、社区多功能融合、医养结合等方面提出了养老社区适老环境优化策略。     

新疆吐鲁番地区传统生土民居的气候适宜性及优化研究

新疆干旱半干旱的生态环境,造就了当地大量的生土建筑且各具地方特色,其中吐鲁番地区的生土民居作为当地人民世代相传的建筑形式,拥有着悠久的历史和深厚的文化内涵。文中从吐鲁番地区自然环境特点、空间布局等方面进行研究,并对当地传统生土民居进行实地检测,发现这种适应气候而形成的生土民居也存在缺陷。在对其进行改进基础上,利用PHOENICS分析软件,模拟检测其夏季室内的风环境状况,结果表明,改进后半地下室式生土建筑能够很好的适应当地的恶劣环境,为半地下室内营造舒适、凉爽的微气候环境。     

黄酮醇糖苷与茶树品种适制性关系

对不同加工适制性的18个茶树品种春季茶叶中10种黄酮醇糖苷进行了超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱联用检测,并计算了葡萄糖苷化黄酮醇与半乳糖苷化黄酮醇的比值。结果发现相比于适制绿茶的茶树品种,适制红茶品种茶叶中黄酮醇葡萄糖苷化水平较高,而半乳糖苷化水平较低。山柰酚-3-葡萄糖苷含量、山柰酚-3-葡萄糖酰芸香糖苷含量、山柰酚-3-葡萄糖苷/山柰酚-3-半乳糖苷比值、槲皮素-3-葡萄糖苷/槲皮素-3-半乳糖苷比值、杨梅素-3-葡萄糖苷/杨梅素-3-半乳糖苷比值在不同适制性品种间具有显著性差异(P0.05)。其中山柰酚-3-葡萄糖苷含量和山柰酚-3-葡萄糖苷/山柰酚-3-半乳糖苷比值差异极显著(P0.001),对于绿茶适制性品种和红茶适制性品种的判断准确率分别为100%和83%,具有作为指导茶树品种适制性生化指标的可能。     

不同品种羊肉熏制加工适宜性评价模型研究

中国肉羊品种资源丰富,不同品种羊肉营养理化品质特性存在差异,原料肉基本品质决定了熏制羊肉的品质。为研究不同品种羊肉营养理化品质特性的差异及其熏制加工适宜性,本实验以10?个品种肉羊的通脊为原料,分别测定了原料肉的7个指标(水分含量、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、pH24 h值、L~*值、a~*值、b~*值)、熏制羊肉的9个品质指标(熏制损失率、剪切力、硬度、弹性、黏聚性、咀嚼性、表皮L~*、表皮a~*、表皮b~*)。通过多元统计分析研究了熏制前原料肉品质与熏制后羊肉品质之间的关系,结果发现水分含量与熏制损失率呈极显著正相关,蛋白质含量与黏聚性呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),脂肪含量与弹性呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01)。筛选出关键理化指标分别为蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、pH24 h值、b~*值,建立了熏制羊肉品质的综合评价模型Y=0.190 9A+0.355 5B+0.234 3C+0.219 3D,其中,A为蛋白质含量、B为脂肪含量、C为pH24 h值、D为b~*值。